Chickpea Farming India Hindi
It is cultivated all over India since time immemorial. Chana in India is popularly known as "Bengal Gram" (or) "Chana" (or) "Chana". Chole is consumed as a vegetable as well as fodder for livestock/animals.
Dal (gram dal) and flour (gram flour) can be made from gram. Various types of snacks, sweets and dishes can be made from gram flour. Chickpea belongs to the "Fabaceae" family and its botanical name is "Cicer arietinum L.".
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Major gram producing states in India:-
Major Chickpea Production States in India :- Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
Main varieties of chickpea Chickpea Farming India
Main Varieties of Chickpea :- There are two main varieties of gram on the basis of size, colour, thickness and size of seed.
- Desi Chole: These chickpeas are widely cultivated under dry land. They are small in size and have angular seeds with thick coat. They can be available from tan to black. These chickpeas are mainly cultivated in India and Bangladesh.
- Chickpea: They are large in size and have a thin coat and their color ranges from white to tan. Chickpea is mainly cultivated in Africa, Europe, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Chile. These were introduced in India in the 18th century. Since desi chickpeas have high fiber content and low glycemic index (GI), they are suitable for diabetic patients, hence their market value is higher than kabuli chickpeas.
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health benefits of chickpeas
Following are some of the health benefits of chickpeas.
- Chana is a good source of fiber hence helps in weight loss.
- Chickpea Good source of protein and energy.
- Chana helps in stabilizing the sugar level in the blood.
- Chickpeas can help reduce LDL cholesterol.
- Chana can increase energy levels due to its iron content.
- Chickpeas have a low glycemic index (GI) which is good for diabetic patients.
Local names of gram in India:- Chickpea Farming India
Local Names of Chickpea in India :- Chana (Hindi), Kadale (Kannada), Harbara (Marathi), Kadalai (Tamil), Senagalu (Telugu), Chola (Bengali), Kadala (Malayalam), Channa (Gujarati), Chole/Choliya (Punjabi), Buta (Oriya) ) ), gram whole (Urdu).
High yielding hybrid varieties of gram in India
High Yielding Hybrid Varieties of Chickpea in India :- There are mainly two varieties of chickpeas.
- Desi gram varieties: Blocky, Pant G-186, Gaurav, Uday (KP-75), Gora Hisari, K-850, Pant G-114, H-208, Pusa-256, Pusa-362, Pusa-372, JG-315, Haryana Chana -1, H-355, Radhe, C-235, G-543, Phule G-5, C-3, B-124BR-78, ST-4, RS-10, RS-11, Pusa-209, BDN- 9-3, Angri-1.
- Varieties of Chickpeas: C-104, L-144, L-550, Pusa-1003, Pusa-053, Evergreen.
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Required climate for cultivation of gram:-
Climate Required for Chickpea Farming:- The gram crop grows well under good moisture conditions with ideal temperature between 24ºC and 30ºC. Chana is cultivated under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Basically this crop is a winter season crop. This crop does not tolerate frost especially during flowering stage as it will harm seed development in pods.
Its cultivation requires 65 to 95 cm of rainfall annually. Excessive rain after sowing, flowering stage and seed maturity stage will result in heavy loss in crop yield.
Soil requirement for chickpea cultivation Chickpea Farming India
Soil Requirement in Chickpea Farming:-Chana grows in a variety of soils in India. This crop is grown in medium heavy soil, black cotton soil and sandy loam soil. However, fertile sandy loam to loamy soil with good internal drainage is best suited for its cultivation. The soil should not be of heavily alkaline nature. An ideal pH range of 5.5 to 7.0 is suitable for chickpea cultivation.
Preparation of land for cultivation of gram :-
Land Preparation in Chickpea Farming :-In gram cultivation, the preparation of the field is based on the type of soil and cropping system. In case of heavy soil, a rough seed bed should be prepared to avoid loose surface packing due to winter rains and to accommodate soil aeration and easy seed germination.
If chickpea is cultivated as a mixed crop with other cereal crops, the land should be well plowed. Before the onset of monsoon, the field needs deep plowing with tractor or indigenous plow. This will keep enough moisture in the soil beds.
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Seed rate and plant density in gram cultivation :-
Seed Rate and Plant Density in Chickpea Farming :Seed rate of 60 kg/ha and plant density of 25 to 30 plants per square meter is ideal for cultivation of chickpeas. In case of late sowing can go for higher density plantation. Average seed rate of 70 – 100 kg/ha is sufficient for good growth of the crop.
Chickpea Farming India Hindi
Seed Sowing in Chickpea Farming :- In gram cultivation, the preparation of the field is based on the type of soil and cropping system. In case of heavy soil, a rough seed bed should be prepared to avoid loose surface packing due to winter rains and to accommodate soil aeration and easy seed germination.
If chickpea is cultivated as a mixed crop with other cereal crops, the land should be well plowed. Before the onset of monsoon, the field needs deep plowing with tractor or indigenous plow. This will keep enough moisture in the soil beds.
Crop rotation in gram cultivation :-
Crop Rotation in Chickpea Farming :-To control soil borne diseases in gram cultivation, crop rotation should be adopted with other cereal crops. The most successful crop rotations in gram cultivation are given below.
- Kharif follow-chickpeas.
- Maize / Corn – gram.
- Millet – gram.
- Rice – gram.
- Jowar – gram.
Note: Peas can be grown as a mixed crop with barley, wheat, linseed, rapeseed and mustard crops.
Manure and Fertilizers in Chickpea Farming :- Chickpea Farming India Hindi
It all depends on the fertility of the soil. In case of poor soil, this crop requires well-rotted farm yard manure (FMY) and organic fertilizers like nitrogen (25 kg/ha), phosphorous and diammonium phosphate (125 to 150 kg/ha). These manures and fertilizers should be applied before sowing the seeds. Apply these fertilizers into the soil using a driller to a depth of about 8 cm.
Irrigation in gram cultivation:-
Irrigation in Chickpea Farming:- Chana can be cultivated mainly as a rainfed crop. However, it can also give good yield under proper irrigated conditions. This crop requires light irrigation, excessive watering leads to excess vegetative growth and reduces the yield of gram.
If this crop is cultivated under irrigated condition, pre-sowing irrigation is required for better germination of seeds. In the absence of rain, apply 1 irrigation @ flowering stage, 1 irrigation at flowering stage and 1 irrigation at pod development stage. Chana crop does not tolerate stagnation of water in the field. So provide good internal drainage in the field.
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Weed control and inter-cultural operations in gram cultivation:-
The incidence of weeds is more in gram crop. After 4 to 5 weeks of sowing, one hand weeding or hand weeding or wheel weeding should be done. Second weeding should be done after 2 months of sowing. Herbicides can also be used to control weeds in the gram crop.
Before emergence, apply fluchloralazine as a baseline of 1 kg/ha in 900 liters of water. It should be planted in the soil before sowing the seeds.
Pests and diseases in gram cultivation :- Chickpea Farming India
Cutworms and pod borers are the main pests in chickpea cultivation.
How to control these pests?
Cutworm: For its control, mix linden 6% grains in the soil at the rate of 20-30 kg/ha.
Pod Driller: To control, spray Andisulfan 35 EC @ 900-1000 liters of water/ha at the rate of 1.30 liters.
Wilt, gray mould, sclerotinia blight, rust and ascochyta blight are the main diseases in chickpea cultivation.
How to control these diseases? Chickpea Farming India Hindi
Wither: It is mainly caused by fungus, treatment of seeds with Thiram's benalate (1:1) @ 2.5 gm/kg seed treatment controls the disease. Deep planting of seeds also controls it to some extent. There are few cultivars to grow which are resistant to wilt like Pusa-362, C-214, Adrohi, Uday etc.
gray mold Spraying of 0.2% Bavistin on the crop will control it. Late sowing also reduces the chances of this disease.
Sclerotinia blight: Select healthy seeds and treat the soil with a mixture of Captan and Brassicol @ 12 kg/ha to control this disease.
War: To control this disease in gram crop, take spray of 0.2% Mancozeb 75 WP on gram crop followed by 2 more sprays at 9-10 days interval. Choosing "rust" resistant varieties will help avoid this type of disease.
Ascochieta Blight: To control it, follow crop rotation and treat the seeds with Thiram or Bavistin 2.5 g/kg before sowing.
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Harvesting Chickpeas Chickpea Farming India
Harvesting of Chickpeas:- The chickpea crop will be ready for harvesting when the leaves turn reddish-brown and begin to drop from the plant. Plants should be plucked with a sickle or hand. The crop should be allowed to dry in the sun for about a week and threshing should be done by beating the plants with sticks.
Yield of Chickpea:
In any crop, the yield depends on good agricultural management practices and the variety of crop chosen for cultivation. An average yield of 20 to 30 quintals per hectare can be obtained from the above methods.
Bottom Line of Chana Cultivation:- With good agro-management practices, one should expect good returns on desi gram cultivation due to its high demand in the market.
Chickpea Farming India Hindi
Yield of Chickpeas :- In any crop, the yield depends on good agricultural management practices and the variety of crop chosen for cultivation. An average yield of 20 to 30 quintals per hectare can be obtained from the above methods.
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